Method and system for streaming documents, e-mail attachments and maps to wireless devices

ABSTRACT

A method for streaming vector images to wireless devices, including receiving a request from a wireless device for a portion of a vector image and a target display width and height, the vector image including a plurality of vector primitives, determining which of the vector primitives are positioned so as to overlap the requested portion, clipping the overlapping vector primitives with the portion, and transmitting the clipped vector primitives that overlap the portion. A system and a computer readable storage medium are also described and claimed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to streaming of vector images, includingdocuments, e-mail attachments and maps, to wireless devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Internet streaming is the art of transmitting digital media in such away that the media can be played at the receiver side as it is beingreceived, without the requirement of saving a media file to disk.Streaming enables live broadcast in the digital world, similar to radioand television broadcasts in the analog world.

Conventionally, streaming has been used for time-based media, includingdigital audio and digital video. A user can listen to music generatedfrom audio data and watch movies generated from video data, as the datais being received by his client computer from a server computer, withoutthe need to save an audio file or a video file on the client computer.As additional data is received at the client, the music and video beingplayed advance in time.

Image streaming is a new paradigm for non-time based media, useful forimages and other media that can be interactively viewed and that requirelarge amounts of data for storage. Although an image is a single frame,and not a time-ordered sequence, nevertheless there is great advantagein being able to interactively view the image as image data is beingreceived, without the need to save the image data into a file.

A high-quality raster image generally cannot be displayed at its fullresolution within a computer display screen. Instead, either alow-resolution version of the image can be displayed in full, or else ahigh-resolution version can be displayed in part. A user caninteractively view different portions of the image by zooming in to asmaller portion of the image at a higher resolution, by zooming out to alarger portion of the image at a lower resolution, or by panning left,right, up and down within a fixed resolution.

Image streaming involves sending image data from a server computer to aclient computer in response to a user's interactive viewing requests, insuch a way that the client has the necessary data to display thecurrently requested portion of the image at the currently requestedresolution. In distinction from audio and video streaming, whichgenerally push data to the client in a time sequential order, imagestreaming generally pulls data from the server in an “on demand” order,based on individual user navigation. Thus, while a first user maynavigate through the image in his own sequential order, a second usermay navigate in a different order. In each case, “just enough data” isstreamed to each user in order to satisfy each user's interactiverequests.

For raster images, image streaming is implemented by generating versionsof a raster image at various resolutions, and partitioning the imageinto rectangular local image tile regions at each generated resolution.A user request for a specific portion of the image at a specificresolution is satisfied by identifying and transmitting one or moreappropriate local image tile regions.

Image streaming can be implemented using various architectures,including server-side rendering, client-side rendering, and hybridserver-side and client-side rendering. Server-side rendering requiresthe server to assemble together the appropriate local image tileregions, and crop and re-scale the assembled image as appropriate, togenerate a single JPEG image, for each interactive user request. Anadvantage of server-side rendering is that image streaming is enabledfor any client computer that has a conventional web browser running;i.e., it does not require special purpose software on the client side.Client-side rendering shifts the image processing burden from the serverto the client. The appropriate local image tile regions are transmittedfrom the server to the client as raw unprocessed data, and the clientdoes the processing work to assemble the local image tile regions. Anadvantage of client-side rendering is faster performance at the client.

A significant distinction between conventional time-based audio andvideo streaming and between non-time based image streaming, isrecurrence of data that is rendered. Specifically, audio and videosequences are generally rendered in a one-pass forward play order, andthe same data is generally not rendered more than once. Imagenavigation, however, is characteristically recurrent. While zooming inand out, and panning left, right, up and down, a user often returns tothe same data over and over again. Typically, the same local image tileregions are rendered multiple times while a user is navigating throughan image. As such, image streaming performance benefits greatly fromtile caching.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,120 to Guedalia describes image streaming bytransmitting local image tiles. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,121,970 and 6,356,283to Guedalia describe embodiments of server-side image streaming thatoperate by modifying references to image files within HTML pages, usingthe Internet Imaging Protocol.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,536,043 to Guedalia and U.S. Pat. No. 6,721,952 toGuedalia et al. describe progressive image streaming, in whichsuccessive chunks of image data are transmitted, each successive chunkserving to upgrade the quality of the rendered image.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,745,226 to Guedalia describes a push-pull method andsystem for transmitting image data, in which data for a low qualityversion of an image is pushed to a user's desktop, and data forupgrading the quality of the image is pulled on demand by a user atwill.

With the advent of wireless devices and the cost of transmission timefor large digital files, it has become more practical to distributevector images for large graphics, instead of raster images. Vectorimages are generally comprised of vector primitives, also referred to asvector objects, such as points, lines and areas, and raster images aregenerally comprised of arrays of pixel color values. Vector objects aretypically specified by attributes, including inter alia attributes for acolor, a style and one or more control points. As such, for largegraphics, vector image files are typically much smaller than theircounterpart raster image files.

Moreover, vector images are significant for maps that can be viewed at avariety of scales, such as maps displayed by GPS systems.

Vector images are also significant for rich text format documents, sincetrue type fonts are generally represented as vector objects. Many oftoday's wireless devices, such as cellular phones, do not have thecapability to render rich text documents, such as WORD and PDFdocuments. Instead, the documents are converted to plain ASCII text. Forexample, if a user receives e-mail with a WORD document attachment onhis cell phone, the WORD document is generally displayed in plain text.

The lack of capability to render rich text documents in wireless devicesis not due to inherent limitations in wireless communication or wirelessdevice processors. Instead, the primary reason for not rendering richtext documents is the drawback of the download time required to receivesuch a document over the air and save it to memory. Clearly imagestreaming should be used to mitigate such drawback. Image streamingshould enable a client device to render portions of a document ondemand, as data for the document is being received at the client,without the need to save the entire document to memory.

However, conventional image streaming applications only stream rasterimages, and not vector images. Using conventional technology, vectorimages have to be first converted to raster images before they can bestreamed from a server computer to a client computer. Such conversionclearly eliminates the size advantage of vector images over rasterimages.

There is thus a need for an application that streams vector imageswithout conversion to raster images, so that vector images can beinteractively viewed by a user on demand.

SUMMARY OF THE DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides a method and system for streaming vectorimages, such as scaleable vector graphics (SVG), including maps and richtext documents. The method and system of the present invention can beimplemented using a variety of software and hardware architectures,including inter-alia server-side rendering and client-side rendering,and is particularly advantageous for efficiently streaming vector imagesto wireless devices.

The present invention involves two stages of processing—a first stage inwhich a vector image is pre-processed into a tiled multi-dimensionaldata structure, and a second stage in which tile regions from thepre-processed image are used to interactively stream the vector image ondemand.

The present invention is particularly useful for streaming rich textdocuments, e-mail attachments and maps to wireless devices.

Although vector objects themselves are resolution-independent, and canbe rendered at arbitrary levels of resolution, the present inventionallows the capability for resolution-dependent visibility of vectorobjects. Thus, a vector object, such as an annotation or fine detailwithin a map, may be prescribed to be visible only at selected levels ofresolution.

There is thus provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention a method for streaming vector images to wirelessdevices, including receiving a request from a wireless device for aportion of a vector image and a target display width and height, thevector image including a plurality of vector primitives, determiningwhich of the vector primitives are positioned so as to overlap therequested rectangular portion, clipping the overlapping vectorprimitives with the portion, and transmitting the clipped vectorprimitives that overlap the portion.

There is further provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a method for streaming vector images to wirelessdevices, including receiving a request from a wireless device for aportion of a vector image and a target display width and height, thevector image comprising a plurality of vector primitives, determining,for each vector primitive that is positioned so as to overlap therequested portion, the clipped vector primitive when such vectorprimitive is clipped with the requested portion, further determining ifthe data required to specify the clipped vector primitives requires morebytes than a threshold byte size, and if said further determining isaffirmative, then rasterizing the requested portion of the vector imageto generate a raster image portion, and transmitting the raster imageportion, else transmitting the clipped vector primitives.

There is yet further provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a system for streaming vector images towireless devices, including a receiver for receiving a request from awireless device for a portion of a vector image and a target displaywidth and height, the vector image comprising a plurality of vectorprimitives, a graphics processor for (i) determining which of the vectorprimitives are positioned so as to overlap the requested portion, and(ii) clipping the overlapping vector primitives with the portion, and atransmitter for transmitting the clipped vector primitives that overlapthe portion.

There is moreover provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a system for streaming vector images to wirelessdevices, including a receiver for receiving a request from a wirelessdevice for a portion of a vector image and a target display width andheight, the vector image comprising a plurality of vector primitives, agraphics processor coupled to said receiver for (i) determining, foreach vector primitive that is positioned so as to overlap the requestedportion, the clipped vector primitive when such vector primitive isclipped with the requested portion, (ii) further determining if the datarequired to specify the clipped vector primitives requires more bytesthan a threshold byte size, and (iii) if the further determining isaffirmative, then rasterizing the requested portion of the vector imageto generate a raster image portion, and a transmitter coupled to saidgraphics processor for transmitting the raster image portion or theclipped vector images, based on whether or not said further determiningis affirmative, respectively.

There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a computer-readable storage medium storingprogram code for causing a computer to perform the steps of receiving arequest from a wireless device for a portion of a vector image and atarget display width and height, the vector image including a pluralityof vector primitives, determining which of the vector primitives arepositioned so as to overlap the requested portion, clipping a portion ofthe vector primitives with the portion, and transmitting the clippedvector primitives that overlap the portion.

There is further provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a computer-readable storage medium storing programcode for causing a computer to perform the steps of receiving a requestfrom a wireless device for a portion of a vector image and a targetdisplay width and height, the vector image comprising a plurality ofvector primitives, determining, for each vector primitive that ispositioned so as to overlap the requested portion, the clipped vectorprimitive when such vector primitive is clipped with the requestedportion, further determining if the data required to specify the clippedvector primitives requires more bytes than a threshold byte size, and ifsaid further determining is affirmative, then rasterizing the requestedportion of the vector image to generate a raster image portion, andtransmitting the raster image portion, else transmitting the clippedvector primitives.

There is yet further provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a method for pre-processing a vector image,including receiving data for a vector image, the vector image dataincluding a list of descriptions of global vector objects that can berasterized for display at arbitrary levels of resolution, for each localregion from among a plurality of local rectangular regions of the vectorimage, the local rectangular regions being associated with levels ofresolution, determining local vector objects that correspond tointersections of global vector objects with such local region, and foreach local region from among the plurality of local rectangular regions,storing descriptions of its local vector objects within a computermemory.

There is moreover provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a method for pre-processing vector images,including receiving data for a plurality of vector images, the pluralityof vector images corresponding to an animation sequence, and the datafor each vector image including a list of descriptions of global vectorobjects that can be rasterized for display at arbitrary levels ofresolution, for each local region from among a plurality of localrectangular regions of the first vector image, the local rectangularregions being associated with levels of resolution, determining localvector objects that correspond to intersections of global vector objectsof the first vector image with such local region, recording hash valuesof the local vector objects within an indexed look-up table, storing theindexed look-up table within a computer memory, for at least onesuccessive vector image after the first vector image, and for each localregion from among the plurality of local rectangular regions,determining local vector objects that correspond to intersections ofglobal vector objects of such successive vector image with such localregion, determining which of the local vector objects for the successivevector image are already stored in the look-up table, for those localvector objects that are already stored in the look-up table, storingtheir look-up table index within a computer memory, and for those localvector objects that are not already stored in the look-up table, storingdescriptions of the local vector objects within the computer memory.

There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a system for pre-processing a vector image,including a vector image processor that pre-processes vector image data,the vector image data including a list of descriptions of global vectorobjects that can be rasterized for display at arbitrary levels ofresolution, including a local vector object generator that determines,for each local region from among a plurality of local rectangularregions of the vector image, the local rectangular region beingassociated with levels of resolution, local vector objects thatcorrespond to intersections of global vector objects with such localregion, and a data recorder that stores descriptions of the local vectorobjects within a computer memory, for each local portion.

There is further provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a system for pre-processing vector images,including a vector image processor that pre-processes data for aplurality of vector images, the plurality of vector images correspondingto an animation sequence, and the data for each vector image including alist of descriptions of global vector objects that can be rasterized fordisplay at arbitrary levels of resolution, a local vector objectgenerator that (i) determines, for each local region from among aplurality of local rectangular regions of the first vector image, thelocal rectangular regions corresponding to levels of resolution, localvector objects that correspond to intersections of global vector objectsof the first vector image with such local region, and (ii) determines,for at least one successive vector image after the first vector image,and for each local region from among the plurality of local rectangularregions, local vector objects that correspond to intersections of globalvector objects of such successive vector image with such local region, alook-up table generator that records hash values of the local vectorobjects within an indexed look-up table, and a data recorder that (i)stores the indexed look-up table within a computer memory, (ii)determines which of the local vector objects for the successive vectorimage are already stored in the look-up table, (iii) for those localvector objects that are already stored in the look-up table, storestheir look-up table index within a computer memory, and (iv) for thoselocal vector objects that are not already stored in the look-up table,stores descriptions of the local vector objects within the computermemory.

There is yet further provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a method for streaming a vector image to aclient computer, including accessing a pre-processed vector image thatwas generated from a vector image, the pre-processed vector imageincluding a plurality of local rectangular regions and a plurality oflocal vector objects, each local vector object being associated with oneof the local rectangular regions, receiving a request from a user of aclient computer for a desired portion of the vector image, for displayat a desired pixel display resolution, identifying at least one localrectangular region from among the plurality of local rectangular regionsof the pre-processed vector image, which is appropriate for generatingthe desired region of the vector image at the desired displayresolution, and transmitting the local vector objects associated withthe at least one local rectangular region to the client computer.

There is moreover provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a method for streaming a vector image to a clientcomputer, including accessing a pre-processed vector image that wasgenerated from a vector image, the pre-processed vector image includinga plurality of local rectangular regions and a plurality of local vectorobjects, each local vector object being associated with one of the localrectangular regions, receiving a request from a user of a clientcomputer for a desired region of the vector image, for display at adesired pixel display resolution, identifying at least one localrectangular region from among the plurality of local rectangular regionsof the pre-processed vector image, which is appropriate for generatingthe desired portion of the vector image at the desired displayresolution, generating the desired portion of the vector image at thedesired display resolution, from the local vector objects associatedwith the at least one local rectangular region, and transmitting thedesired portion of the vector image to the client computer.

There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a method for streaming a vector image to aclient computer, including accessing a pre-processed vector image thatwas generated from a vector image, the pre-processed vector imageincluding a plurality of local rectangular regions and a plurality oflocal vector objects, each local vector object being associated with oneof the local rectangular regions, receiving a request from a user of aclient computer designating at least one rectangular region, from amongthe plurality of local rectangular regions, and transmitting the localvector objects associated with the at least one local rectangular regionto the client computer.

There is further provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a method for interactively viewing a vector image,including indicating a request for a desired portion of a vector image,for display at a specified resolution, determining local rectangularregions of a pre-processed vector image that was generated from thevector image, from among a plurality of local rectangular regions, thatare appropriate for generating the desired portion of the vector imagetherefrom, wherein the pre-processed vector image includes a pluralityof local rectangular regions and a plurality of local vector objects,each local vector object being associated with one of the localrectangular regions, requesting at least one rectangular region of thepre-processed vector image from a server computer, receiving localvector objects associated with the requested at least one rectangularregion of the pre-processed vector image from the server computer; andgenerating the desired portion of the vector image using the receivedlocal vector objects.

There is yet further provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a system for streaming a vector image to aclient computer, including a receiver that receives a request from auser of a client computer for a desired portion of a vector image, fordisplay at a desired pixel display resolution, a vector image adapterthat (i) accesses a pre-processed vector image that was generated fromthe vector image, the pre-processed vector image including a pluralityof local rectangular regions and a plurality of local vector objects,each local vector object being associated with one of the localrectangular regions, and (ii) identifies at least one local rectangularregion from among the plurality of local rectangular regions of thepre-processed vector image, which is appropriate for generating thedesired portion of the vector image at the desired display resolution;and a transmitter that transmits the local vector objects associatedwith the at least one local rectangular region to the client computer.

There is moreover provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a system for streaming a vector image to a clientcomputer, including a receiver that receives a request from a user of aclient computer for a desired portion of a vector image, for display ata desired pixel display resolution, a vector image adapter that (i)accesses a pre-processed vector image that was generated from the vectorimage, the pre-processed vector image including a plurality of localrectangular regions and a plurality of local vector objects, each localvector object being associated with one of the local rectangularregions, and (ii) identifies at least one local rectangular region fromamong the plurality of local rectangular regions of the pre-processedvector image, which is appropriate for generating the desired portion ofthe vector image at the desired display resolution, a vector imageprocessor that generates the desired portion of the vector image at thedesired display resolution, from the local vector objects associatedwith the at least one local rectangular region; and a transmitter thattransmits the desired portion of the vector image to the clientcomputer.

There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a system for streaming a vector image to aclient computer, including a receiver that receives a request from auser of a client computer designating at least one rectangular region,from among a plurality of local rectangular regions, a vector imageadaptor that accesses a pre-processed vector image that was generatedfrom a vector image, the pre-processed vector image including aplurality of local rectangular regions and a plurality of local vectorobjects, each local vector object being associated with one of the localrectangular regions, and a transmitter that transmits the local vectorobjects associated with the at least one local rectangular region to theclient computer.

There is further provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a system for interactively viewing a vector image,including a user interface that interprets a request for a desiredportion of a vector image, for display at a specified resolution, atransmitter that requests at least one rectangular region of apre-processed vector image from a server computer, the pre-processedvector image having been generated from the vector image, thepre-processed image including a plurality of local rectangular regionsand a plurality of local vector objects, each local vector object beingassociated with one of the local rectangular regions, a receiver thatreceives local vector objects associated with the requested at least onerectangular region of the pre-processed vector image from the servercomputer, and a vector image processor that (i) determines localrectangular regions of the pre-processed vector image, from among theplurality of local rectangular regions, that are appropriate forgenerating the desired portion of the vector image therefrom; and (ii)generates the desired portion of the vector image using the receivedlocal vector objects.

There is yet further provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a computer-readable storage medium storingprogram code for causing a computer to perform the steps of receivingdata for a vector image, the vector image data including a list ofdescriptions of global vector objects that can be rasterized for displayat arbitrary levels of resolution, for each local region from among aplurality of local rectangular regions of the vector image, the localrectangular regions being associated with levels of resolution,determining local vector objects that correspond to intersections ofglobal vector objects with such local region, and for each local regionfrom among the plurality of local rectangular regions, storingdescriptions of its local vector objects within a computer memory.

There is moreover provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a computer-readable storage medium storing programcode for causing a computer to perform the steps of receiving data for aplurality of vector images, the plurality of vector images correspondingto an animation sequence, and the data for each vector image including alist of descriptions of global vector objects that can be rasterized fordisplay at arbitrary levels of resolution, for each local region fromamong a plurality of local rectangular regions of the first vectorimage, the local rectangular regions being associated with levels ofresolution, determining local vector objects that correspond tointersections of global vector objects of the first vector image withsuch local region, recording hash values of the local vector objectswithin an indexed look-up table, storing the indexed look-up tablewithin a computer memory, for at least one successive vector image afterthe first vector image, and, for each local region from among theplurality of local rectangular portions, determining local vectorobjects that correspond to intersections of global vector objects ofsuch successive vector image with such local region, determining whichof the local vector objects for the successive vector image are alreadystored in the look-up table, for those local vector objects that arealready stored in the look-up table, storing their look-up table indexwithin a computer memory, and for those local vector objects that arenot already stored in the look-up table, storing descriptions of thelocal vector objects within the computer memory.

There is yet further provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a computer-readable storage medium storingprogram code for causing a computer to perform the steps of accessing apre-processed vector image that was generated from a vector image, thepre-processed vector image including a plurality of local rectangularregions and a plurality of local vector objects, each local vectorobject being associated with one of the local rectangular regions,receiving a request from a user of a client computer for a desiredportion of the vector image, for display at a desired pixel displayresolution, identifying at least one local rectangular region from amongthe plurality of local rectangular regions of the pre-processed vectorimage, which is appropriate for generating the desired region of thevector image at the desired display resolution, and transmitting thelocal vector objects associated with the at least one local rectangularregion to the client computer.

There is moreover provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a computer-readable storage medium storing programcode for causing a computer to perform the steps of accessing apre-processed vector image that was generated from a vector image, thepre-processed vector image including a plurality of local rectangularregions and a plurality of local vector objects, each local vectorobject being associated with one of the local rectangular regions,receiving a request from a user of a client computer for a desiredportion of the vector image, for display at a desired pixel displayresolution, identifying at least one local rectangular region from amongthe plurality of local rectangular regions of the pre-processed vectorimage, which is appropriate for generating the desired portion of thevector image at the desired display resolution, generating the desiredportion of the vector image at the desired display resolution, from thelocal vector objects associated with the at least one local rectangularregion, and transmitting the desired portion of the vector image to theclient computer.

There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a computer-readable storage medium storingprogram code for causing a computer to perform the steps of accessing apre-processed vector image that was generated from a vector image, thepre-processed vector image including a plurality of local rectangularregions and a plurality of local vector objects, each local vectorobject being associated with one of the local rectangular regions,receiving a request from a user of a client computer designating atleast one rectangular region, from among the plurality of localrectangular regions, and transmitting the local vector objectsassociated with the at least one local rectangular region to the clientcomputer.

There is further provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a computer-readable storage medium storing programcode for causing a computer to perform the steps of indicating a requestfor a desired portion of a vector image, for display at a specifiedresolution, determining local rectangular regions of a pre-processedvector image that was generated from the vector image, from among aplurality of local rectangular regions, that are appropriate forgenerating the desired portion of the vector image therefrom, whereinthe pre-processed vector image includes a plurality of local rectangularregions and a plurality of local vector objects, each local vectorobject being associated with one of the local rectangular regions,requesting at least one rectangular region of the pre-processed vectorimage from a server computer, receiving local vector objects associatedwith the requested at least one rectangular region of the pre-processedvector image from the server computer; and generating the desiredportion of the vector image using the received local vector objects.

There is yet further provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a method for interactively viewing a vectoranimation sequence, including receiving an indexed look-up table thatstores a plurality of local vector objects associated with tile regionsof a first vector image, indicating a request for a desired portion of asecond vector image, for display at a specified resolution, determiningtile regions of a pre-processed vector image that was generated from thesecond vector image, from among a plurality of tile regions, that areappropriate for generating the desired portion of the second vectorimage therefrom, wherein the pre-processed vector image includes aplurality of tile regions and a plurality of local vector objects, eachlocal vector object being associated with one of the tile regions,requesting at least one tile region of the pre-processed vector imagefrom a server computer, receiving local vector objects and local vectorobject indices associated with the requested at least one tile region ofthe pre-processed vector image from the server computer, extractinglocal vector objects from the indexed look-up table according to thelocal vector object indices received from the server computer, andgenerating the desired portion of the second vector image using thereceived local vector objects and the extracted local vector objects.

There is moreover provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention a system for interactively viewing a vectoranimation sequence, including a receiver that (i) receives an indexedlook-up table that stores a plurality of local vector objects associatedwith tile regions of a first vector image, and (ii) receives localvector objects and local vector object indices associated with at leastone requested tile region of a pre-processed vector image from a servercomputer, the pre-processed vector image being generated from a secondvector image, and the pre-processed vector image including a pluralityof tile regions and a plurality of local vector objects, each localvector object being associated with one of the tile regions, a vectorimage adapter that extracts local vector objects from the indexedlook-up table according to local vector object indices received from theserver computer, a user interface that indicates a request for a desiredportion of the second vector image, for display at a specifiedresolution, a vector image processor that (i) determines tile regions ofthe pre-processed vector image that are appropriate for generating thedesired portion of the second vector image therefrom, and (ii) generatesthe desired portion of the second vector image using the received localvector objects and the extracted local vector objects, and a transmitterthat requests at least one tile region of the pre-processed vector imagefrom the server computer.

There is additionally provided in accordance with a preferred embodimentof the present invention a computer-readable storage medium storingprogram code for causing a computer to perform the steps of receiving anindexed look-up table that stores a plurality of local vector objectsassociated with tile regions of a first vector image, indicating arequest for a desired portion of a second vector image, for display at aspecified resolution, determining tile regions of a pre-processed vectorimage that was generated from the second vector image, from among aplurality of tile regions, that are appropriate for generating thedesired portion of the second vector image therefrom, wherein thepre-processed vector image includes a plurality of tile regions and aplurality of local vector objects, each local vector object beingassociated with one of the tile regions, requesting at least one tileregion of the pre-processed vector image from a server computer,receiving local vector objects and local vector object indicesassociated with the requested at least one tile region of thepre-processed vector image from the server computer, extracting localvector objects from the indexed look-up table according to the localvector object indices received from the server computer, and generatingthe desired portion of the second vector image using the received localvector objects and the extracted local vector objects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated fromthe following detailed description, taken in conjunction with thedrawings in which:

FIG. 1A is a simplified illustration of multi-resolution tile regionsfor a vector image, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 1B is a variation of FIG. 1A that includes vector objects withresolution-dependent visibility, in accordance with a preferredembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a simplified flowchart of a method for pre-processing vectorimages and generating tiled multi-resolution vector images therefrom,for streaming from a server to a client computer, in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a simplified flowchart of a method for thinningmulti-resolution tile data, for efficient streaming, in accordance witha preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a simplified flowchart of a server-side implementation ofvector image streaming, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 5 is a simplified flowchart of a client-side implementation ofvector streaming, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of the components of an imagestreaming system, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention; and

FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating a data structure for storinglocal vector objects within multi-resolution tile regions, for efficientuse in streaming vector animations, in accordance with a preferredembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention concerns a method and system for streaming vectorimages, such as scaleable vector graphics (SVG), from a server computerto a plurality of client computers.

The present invention is preferably implemented within a network ofconventional client and server computers, wherein the server computersdistribute media to the client computers. The server and clientcomputers may be conventional computing devices, each including acentral processing unit, memory units for storing programs and data,input devices including a mouse and keyboard, and an output displaydevice. Preferably, the central processing unit, memory units, anddevice drivers for the mouse, keyboard and display are coupledcommunicatively together using a conventional data bus. Preferably theserver computers run web server software, and the client computers runweb browser software.

It may be appreciated from the description hereinbelow, that the presentinvention may be implemented advantageously within mobile computingdevices including inter alia personal data assistants (PDAs), mobilemedia players and cell phones, provided that such devices includeprocessing means, program and data storage means, and input and displaymeans that inter-communicate.

The present invention involves two stages of processing; namely, apre-processing stage, and an image streaming stage, as described indetail hereinbelow.

Pre-Processing

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention,vector images to be streamed are pre-processed into a tiledmulti-resolution data structure. Specifically, multiple resolutions ofan original vector image, encoded as a list of global vector objects,are generated, and each such resolution is partitioned into a lattice ofrectangular tile regions. For example, a vector image may be generatedat seven levels of pixel resolution, say (level 1) 200×300 pixels,(level 2) 400×600 pixels, (level 3) 800×1200 pixels, (level 4) 1600×2400pixels, (level 5) 3200×4800 pixels, (level 6) 6400×9600 pixels, and(level 7) 12800×19200 pixels. Each such level of resolution ispartitioned into adjacent tile regions of 100×100 pixels.

It may be appreciated that vector objects are generallyresolution-independent. As such, they may be generated at any desiredresolution. Thus, as distinct from a raster image, a vector image doesnot have a “true” resolution. Instead, if the dimensions of the vectorimage are normalized so that the image has a width and height of 1.0unit, then each 100×100 tile region corresponds to a normalizedrectangle relative to a 1.0×1.0 unit square. At level 1, each tileregion has normalized dimensions of 0.5×0.3333333, and the full imageincludes a 2×3 array of such tile regions. At level 2, each tile regionhas normalized dimensions of 0.25×0.1666667, and the full image includesa 4×6 array of such tile regions. At level 7, each tile region hasnormalized dimensions of 0.0078125×0.0052083, and the full imageincludes a 128×192 array of such tile regions. It may be appreciatedthat as the resolution increases from level to level, each 100×100 pixeltile region encompasses a smaller and smaller portion of the full image.Each individual tile region corresponds to a specific level ofresolution, and to a normalized sub-region of the unit square.

It may be appreciated that the number of levels of resolution, and thepixel dimensions of each level of resolution are arbitrary, and may bespecified by parameters. Similarly, the size of a tile region may varyfrom one level of resolution to the next.

Preferably, each 100×100 pixel tile region is specified within a datastructure as a list of local vector objects, determined by intersectingthe vector objects from the original vector image, referred to as globalvector objects, with the region corresponding to the tile region. Thatis, local vector objects associated with a tile region are generated byclipping global vector objects with the tile region. In general, some ofthe global vector objects from the original vector image may notintersect the tile region at all. Thus, each tile region is encoded as alist of its own local vector objects, which correspond to intersectionsof some of the global vector objects with the tile region.

At low levels of resolution, some of the local vector objects may reduceto within the size of a single pixel. In accordance with a preferredembodiment of the present invention, in such a case the local vectorobject is encoded as a single pixel within the tile region containingsuch pixel.

Similarly, as the levels of resolution get higher, some additionaldetails may become visible, such as streets and roads within a map, orannotations. Conversely, as the levels of resolution get higher, somedetails may omitted, such as national boundaries, which do not need tobe present within a map when the map is magnified into a localneighborhood level. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, global vector objects may be designated to appearonly at specified resolutions. Such global vector objects will beexcluded from clipping for tile regions that correspond tonon-designated levels of resolution, even if the global vector objectsintersect with the tile region.

Furthermore, at high levels of resolution, it is possible that differentglobal vector objects have identical intersections within a single tileregion. Specifically, the intersections are considered identical if thelocal vector objects have the same attributes, including inter aliacolor, style and control points. In accordance with the presentinvention, duplicate local vector objects are eliminated.

Encoding vector objects as single pixels within a low resolution tileregion, excluding vector objects from low resolutions tile regions thatare specified not to be visible at such resolution, and eliminatingduplicate intersections of vector objects, serve to “thin out” thevector object lists that encode individual tile regions, and reduce theoverall size of the resulting tiled multi-resolution data structures.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1A, which is a simplified illustration ofmulti-resolution tile regions for a vector image, in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the present invention. Shown in FIG. 1A arethree partitions, ranging from a coarse partition 10 to a finerpartition 120 and to a yet finer partition 130. Each partition includesrectangular tile regions 140, 150 and 160 respectively. Theserectangular regions are the tile regions referred to herein. Byassigning pixel dimensions to tile regions, say 100×100 pixels, eachtile region corresponds to a specific resolution for the vector image.Thus, tile regions 160 correspond to a global resolution that is twicethe width and height of the global resolution for tile regions 150, andsimilarly tile regions 150 correspond to a global resolution with thatis twice the width and height of the global region for tile regions 140.Specifically, if the tile regions 140, 150 and 160 are each 100×100pixels, then the tile regions 140 correspond to a global resolution of400×400 pixels, the tile regions 150 correspond to a global resolutionof 800×800 pixels, and the tile regions 160 correspond to a globalresolution of 1600×1600 pixels.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, oneor more of the global vector objects may be specified so as to bevisible only at specific levels of resolution. Although vector objectsare inherently resolution-independent, and may be rendered at arbitrarylevels of resolution, the present invention enables the capability ofresolution-dependent visibility for vector objects.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1B, which is a variation of FIG. 1A thatincludes vector objects with resolution-dependent visibility, inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.Specifically, a large star-shaped object 170 is only visible at the lowresolution of partition 110, and the fine print annotation 180 is onlyvisible at the high resolution of partition 130. It may be appreciatedby those skilled in the art, that were it not for resolution-dependentvisibility, the tile region data for each of the partitions 110, 120 and130 would contain equivalent information.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a simplified flowchart of amethod for pre-processing vector images and generating tiledmulti-resolution vector images therefrom, for streaming from a server toa client computer, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention. The input for the flowchart is an original vectorimage, encoded as a list of global vector objects. As illustrated inFIG. 2, processing begins at step 200. At step 205 parameters thatdetermine the number of levels of resolution, the pixel dimensions ofthe various levels of resolution, and the tile region size or sizes, areretrieved.

At steps 210, 215 and 220, the processing loops from highest to lowestlevel of resolution, and loops through the tile regions. For each tileregion, a bounding rectangle corresponding to the position and size ofthe tile is determined at step 225, based on the pixel dimensions of thecurrent level of resolution being processed. At step 230, theintersection of the global vector objects with the current boundingrectangle is determined, encoded as a local vector object, and exportedinto a local vector object list for the current tile. The loops cyclearound at steps 235, 240 and 245, and processing ends at step 250.Preferably, the output of the flowchart is a data structure for a tiledmulti-resolution image, including a list of local vector objects foreach multi-resolution tile region, corresponding to the original vectorimage.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a simplified flowchart of amethod for thinning multi-resolution tile data, for efficient streaming,in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Theinput for the flowchart of FIG. 3 is the output from the flowchart ofFIG. 2; i.e., the data structure for the tiled multi-resolution image.The process of FIG. 3 loops through the tile regions at each level ofresolution, and thins out the list of local vector objects used toencode the tiles.

Specifically, FIG. 3 starts at step 300. At step 305, parameters for thenumber of levels of resolution, the pixel dimensions of each level ofresolution, and the tile region dimensions are retrieved. Additionally,parameters for resolution-dependent data are also retrieved at step 305.Such parameters specify the resolutions for which global vector objectsare visible. Processing loops through the levels of resolution, and thetile regions within each level of resolution, at steps 310, 315 and 320.At step 325, duplicate local vector objects for the current tile regionare eliminated. At step 330, local vector objects are removed if theywere clipped from global vector objects that are designated as not beingvisible at the current level of resolution. At step 335, local vectorobjects that reduce to lie within a single pixel are replaced by asingle pixel. The process of FIG. 3 cycles through the loops at steps340, 345 and 350, and stops at step 355. Preferably, the output of theflowchart of FIG. 3 is a thinned out data structure for the tiledmulti-resolution image that was processed.

Interactive Streaming

After the pre-processing stages of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the resultingtiled multi-resolution vector images may be streamed from a servercomputer to a plurality of client computers for interactive viewing. Aswith streaming of raster images, either server-side or client-sideprocessing, or hybrid server-side and client-side processing may beimplemented For server-side processing, a normalized region of interest,also referred to as a portion, within the unit square is requested at aspecified pixel resolution, and the server preferably returns a singleimage formatted according to a specified format, such as SVG,corresponding to the request.

For client-side processing, one or more tile regions are requested, andthe client performs the processing to assemble the individual tiles.Thus, the client may rasterize the tiles into raster image tiles, fordisplay purposes.

As with raster image streaming, individual vector tiles may be cachedfor later retrieval within a current session, or within a later session.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which is a simplified flowchart of aserver-side implementation of vector image streaming, in accordance witha preferred embodiment of the present invention. The leftmost column ofFIG. 4 describes steps performed by a client computer, which isinteractively viewing a vector image. The rightmost column of FIG. 4describes steps performed by a server computer, which is streamingvector image data to the client computer on demand.

The workflow shown in FIG. 4 is repetitive, and includes the basicmechanism of making an interactive request to view a portion of a vectorimage, preparing the requested portion and displaying it. Afterdisplaying the portion of the vector image, processing cycles back torequest a different portion of the vector image. In a preferredembodiment of the present invention, each such request is entered intothe client computer by a user interface that translates user actionsinto commands. For example, to issue a request for zooming into a vectorimage, the user may click on a portion of the displayed image to requesta magnified view thereof, or may click on an icon of a magnifying glass,or may draw a rectangle around a portion of the displayed vector imageto designate a region of interest, in order to magnify the image so thatthe region of interest is re-sized to fill the display area.

It is assumed in FIG. 4 that the vector image being streamed andinteractive viewed was pre-processed into a tiled multi-dimensional datastructure that includes local vector objects indexed according to localtile regions. Preferably, the pre-processing was performed according tothe methodology described above with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.However, it may be appreciated by those skilled in the art that suchpre-processing may be performed on-the-fly, as portions of the vectorimage are being streamed.

At step 410 the client computer issues a request to the server computerfor a region of interest, or portion, of a vector image at a desiredpixel resolution; namely, the pixel resolution of the display window inwhich the vector image appears. Preferably, the request is made by auser of the client computer through a graphical user interface. At step420 the server computer determines which local tile regions of thepre-processed vector image are necessary or appropriate for generatingthe requested portion of the vector image. At step 430 the servercomputer retrieves the relevant local tile data from the pre-processedvector image; namely, the local vector objects associated with relevantlocal tile regions. At step 440 the server computer combines the localtile data and generates the requested vector portion. In accordance witha preferred embodiment of the present invention, the requested vectorimage portion is formatted in a standard image format, such as scaleablevector graphics (SVG). Such an image format can be interpreted andprocessed by a client computer browser, without the need forsupplemental client software.

At step 450 the server computer transmits the requested portion of thevector image in a standard image format. At step 460 the client computerreceives the requested portion. At step 470 the client computer rendersthe requested portion, preferably using a standard web browser, anddisplays the portion on a computer monitor connected to the clientcomputer. After viewing the displayed image portion, the user of theclient computer can interactively request a different portion forviewing, and processing cycles back around to step 410.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a simplified flowchart of aclient-side implementation of vector streaming, in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the present invention. As with FIG. 4, theleftmost column of FIG. 5 describes steps performed by a clientcomputer, and the rightmost column of FIG. 5 describes steps performedby a server computer. As with FIG. 4, the workflow described in FIG. 5is recurrent, and cycles around as a user repetitively requestsdifferent portions of a vector image for viewing. In comparison withFIG. 4, it may be seen that many of the image processing steps arelocated on the client side, instead of the server side, in FIG. 5.

As with the flowchart of FIG. 4, the flowchart of FIG. 5 also assumesthat the vector image being interactively viewed by the user waspre-processed into a tiled multi-resolution vector image, as describedabove with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. It is also assumed in FIG. 5 thatthe client computer has additional software to supplement a web browser,for performing the client-side steps of FIG. 5.

At step 510, the client computer identifies a portion of the vectorimage requested by a user for viewing at a desired pixel resolution;namely, the pixel resolution of the display area. Preferably, step 510is performed through a user interface, which translates user actions,such as mouse and keyboard actions, into user requests. At step 520, theclient computer determines which local tile regions of the pre-processedvector image are necessary or appropriate to generate the requestedportion of the vector image at the desired resolution. In order for theclient computer to be able to identify the relevant local tile regions,the software running on the client computer is preferably aware of theparameters for the pre-processed vector image, including inter alia thetile region dimensions and the resolution levels for the pre-processedvector image.

At step 530 the client computer checks its tile cache to see if some orall of the data for the relevant local tile regions is already stored inits tile cache. At step 540 the client computer requests that the servercomputer provide data for those local tile regions that are not residentin the client tile cache. At step 550 the server computer retrieves therequested local tile regions from the pre-processed vector image. Atstep 560 the server computer transmits the requested data for the tileregions to the client computer. In accordance with a preferredembodiment of the present invention, for the purpose of efficiency,server 560 bundles data for multiple tile regions within a singlepacket, which can be sent and unpacked within the overhead of a singlenetwork request.

At step 570 the client computer receives the data for the tile regions,and at step 580 the client computer combines the data to generate therequested portion of the vector image at the desired resolution. At step590 the client computer renders and displays the requested portion.Thereafter, the user can interactively request to view a differentportion of the vector image, and processing cycles back around to step510.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6, which is a simplified block diagram ofthe components of an image streaming system, in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the present invention. Shown in FIG. 6 are themodules that comprise the basic vector image pre-processing andstreaming mechanism. A vector image pre-processor 610 receives as inputa vector image as input, such as a scalable vector graphics (SVG) image,and generates as output a tiled multi-resolution version of the vectorimage, stored as a data structure including inter alia local vectorobjects that are indexed according to local tile regions of the vectorimage, as described hereinabove. Vector image pre-processor 610 alsoreceives as input pre-processing parameters including inter-aliadimensions of local rectangular tile regions and levels of resolution.The output of vector image pre-processor 610 includes inter alia localvector objects that correspond to global vector objects clipped withlocal tile regions. Additionally, if the vector image includes arendering order then preferably the pre-processed vector image includesinduced rendering vectors for local vector objects in each of the localtile regions.

A vector image processor 620 receives as input a user request for aportion of a vector image to be displayed at a desired resolution, andidentifies as output which of the local tile regions of a pre-processedvector image are necessary or appropriate for fulfilling the userrequest. Vector image processor 620 also receives as input theparameters for the pre-processed vector image, including inter aliadimensions of local rectangular tile regions and levels of resolution.

A pre-processed vector image adapter 630 is used to interface with thepre-processed vector image. Vector image adapter 630 receives as inputthe pre-processed vector image, or one or more pointers thereto. Vectoradapter 630 also receives as input one or more identifiers of local tileregions. Vector adapter 630 accesses the pre-processed vector image andretrieves the data associated with the local tile regions identified,including inter alia the vector objects associated with such local tileregions.

A vector image processor 640 receives as input data associated with oneor more local tile regions, and generates as output a combined image atthe pixel resolution desired by the user. Preferably, the output ofvector image processor 640 is in a standard vector format, such as SVG,or a standard raster format, such as JPEG. A standard web browser isthus able to render the combined image without the need for supplementalsoftware.

It is apparent from FIG. 6 that vector image processor 620 and vectorimage processor 640 may reside either on a client computer or on aserver computer. For a server-side implementation, all of the modulesshown in FIG. 6 reside on a server computer. A client computer merelyhas to issue a request to view a desired portion of the vector image ata desired resolution, and the processing in modules 620, 630 and 640 isall carried out at the server computer. Conversely, for a client-sideimplementation, modules 620 and 640 reside on the client computer. Theserver computer merely has to receive a request that includesidentifiers of one or more local tile regions, retrieve data associatedwith the identified tile regions using adapter 530, and send theretrieved data to the client computer. For a hybrid server-side andclient-side implementation, vector processor 620 resides on the servercomputer and vector processor 640 resides on the client computer. I.e.,the client computer issues a request to the server computer for aportion of the vector image at a desired resolution, the server computerdetermines which tile regions are appropriate and sends the local vectorobject data associated with such tile regions to the client, and theclient combines the local vector object data into the requested portionof the vector image.

The present invention has widespread application to streaming of e-mailattachments to wireless devices in a rich format, including inter aliarich text documents, spreadsheets, diagrams and presentations.

In reading the above description, persons skilled in the art willrealize that there are many apparent variations that can be applied tothe methods and systems described. Thus the present invention can beimplemented without pre-processing vector image. Instead, when a userrequests a desired portion of the vector image, local vector objects canbe generated dynamically on-the-fly by clipping global vector objectswith appropriate regions.

The present invention can also be used for interactively viewingnon-rectangular portions of images, including inter alia polygonal,circular and elliptical portions. For example, a user can navigate a mapthat is displayed within an elliptical-shaped border, panning in variousdirections and zooming in and out, all within the border.

The present invention also has application to streaming of vectoranimations. Specifically, when the present invention is used to streamvector images, such as SVG documents, as frames for an animation, thethinning out process preferably also removes vectors that are presentwithin the same tile region, for a plurality of frames. Indeed, at highlevels of resolution, it is expected that vector objects within the sametile region are identically present within a sequence of frames. Thus byavoiding re-sending of the same vector objects for successive frames,considerable performance gains are achieved.

In order to efficiently determine whether a vector object within a tileof a current animation frame is present within the preceding frame, thepresent invention preferably stores hash values for the individualvector objects within the lists of vector objects for each tile regionof a first animation frame, in a look-up table. I.e., the look-up tablestores hash keys for each of the vector objects of each of themulti-resolution tile regions, for the first frame of the animation. Foreach successive frame, whenever a vector object within a tile region isalready present within the look-up table, such vector object is encodedas an index into the look-up table, instead of being encoded as anindependent vector object.

Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which is a simplified diagramillustrating a data structure for storing local vector objects withinmulti-resolution tiles, for efficient use in streaming vectoranimations, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention. Shown in FIG. 7 is a look-up table 710, which stored hashvalues for local vector objects associated with tile regions.Preferably, look-up table 710 is constructed for the first frame of asequence of frames within a vector animation. Also shown in FIG. 7 is alist 720 of local vector objects for a tile region within a second frameof the vector animation. Each of the local vector objects is storedeither conventionally in terms of attributes, including inter aliacolor, style and control points, or in terms of an index to look-uptable 710. The latter representation is used for vector objects of thesecond frame that have identical counterparts within the first frame.

After being populated with hash values, look-up table 710 is transmittedto a client computer that is interactively viewing the animation.Thereafter, when the client computer receives one or more tiles encodedas list of local vector objects, such as list 720, the client is able toretrieve the attributes of those local vector objects encoded as tableindices, by extracting them from the look-up table.

For relatively long animation sequences, look-up table 710 can bere-generated for key frames, similar to the way key frames are used inMPEG encoders. Use of key frames serves to keep look-up table 710current, so that local vector objects of successive frames are likely tobe already stored in the look-up table. Use of key frames also serves toenable a user to view the animation sequence without starting from thefirst frame.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described withreference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however,be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to thespecific exemplary embodiments without departing from the broader spiritand scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

1. A method for streaming vector images to wireless devices, comprising:receiving a request from a wireless device for a portion of a vectorimage and a target display width and height, the vector image includinga plurality of vector primitives; determining which of the vectorprimitives are positioned so as to overlap the requested portion;clipping the overlapping vector primitives with the portion; andtransmitting the clipped vector primitives that overlap the portion. 2.The method of claim 1 wherein the requested portion is a rectangularportion.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the requested portion is anon-rectangular portion.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein thenon-rectangular portion is a polygonal portion.
 5. The method of claim 3wherein the non-rectangular portion is a circular portion.
 6. The methodof claim 3 wherein the non-rectangular portion is an elliptical portion.7. The method of claim 1 wherein vector primitives have associatedtherewith a range of magnification levels for visibility, wherein therequested portion and the target display width and height correspond toa level of magnification for display, and wherein said transmittingtransmits vector primitives for which their associated range ofmagnification levels for visibility includes the level of magnificationfor display.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the vector image alsoincludes a display order for the vector primitives, and wherein saiddetermining determines an induced display order for the vectorprimitives that are positioned so as to overlap the requested portion,and wherein said transmitting transmits the induced display order. 9.The method of claim 1 further comprising generating, for each tileregion from among a plurality of tile regions of the vector image, alist of the vector primitives that are positioned so as to overlap suchtile region, and wherein said determining uses the lists to determinethe vector primitives that are positioned so as to overlap the requestedportion.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein vector primitives includepoints, and wherein said determining determines whether a point ispositioned inside of the requested portion.
 11. The method of claim 1wherein vector primitives include line segments, and wherein saiddetermining determines whether a line segment cuts through the requestedportion.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein vector primitives includecurves, and wherein said determining determines whether a curve cutsthrough the requested portion.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein vectorprimitives include Bezier curves.
 14. The method of claim 12 whereinvector primitives include circular arcs.
 15. The method of claim 12wherein vector primitives include elliptical arcs.
 16. The method ofclaim 1 wherein vector primitives include areas, and wherein saiddetermining determines whether an area intersects the requested portion.17. The method of claim 16 wherein vector primitives include polygonalareas.
 18. The method of claim 16 wherein vector primitives includecircular areas.
 19. The method of claim 16 wherein vector primitivesinclude elliptical areas.
 20. The method of claim 16 wherein vectorprimitives include alphanumeric fonts, and wherein said determiningdetermines whether an alphanumeric font is positioned so as to overlapthe requested portion.
 21. A method for streaming vector images towireless devices, comprising: receiving a request from a wireless devicefor a portion of a vector image and a target display width and height,the vector image comprising a plurality of vector primitives;determining, for each vector primitive that is positioned so as tooverlap the requested portion, the clipped vector primitive when suchvector primitive is clipped with the requested portion; furtherdetermining if the data required to specify the clipped vectorprimitives requires more bytes than a threshold byte size; and if saidfurther determining is affirmative, then: rasterizing the requestedportion of the vector image to generate a raster image portion; andtransmitting the raster image portion; else: transmitting the clippedvector primitives.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the requestedportion is a rectangular portion.
 23. The method of claim 21 wherein therequested portion is a non-rectangular portion.
 24. The method of claim23 wherein the non-rectangular portion is a polygonal portion.
 25. Themethod of claim 23 wherein the non-rectangular portion is a circularportion.
 26. The method of claim 23 wherein the non-rectangular portionis an elliptical portion.
 27. The method of claim 21 wherein thethreshold byte size is based on a specified number of bits per pixel.28. The method of claim 21 wherein the threshold byte size is based onthe level of magnification corresponding to the requested portion andthe display width and height.
 29. The method of claim 21 wherein thethreshold byte size is based on the dimensions of the portion.
 30. Asystem for streaming vector images to wireless devices, comprising: areceiver for receiving a request from a wireless device for a portion ofa vector image and a target display width and height, the vector imagecomprising a plurality of vector primitives; a graphics processor for:(i) determining which of the vector primitives are positioned so as tooverlap the requested portion; and (ii) clipping the overlapping vectorprimitives with the portion; and a transmitter for transmitting theclipped vector primitives that overlap the portion.
 31. The system ofclaim 30 wherein the requested portion is a rectangular portion.
 32. Thesystem of claim 30 wherein the requested portion is a non-rectangularportion.
 33. The system of claim 32 wherein the non-rectangular portionis a polygonal portion.
 34. The system of claim 32 wherein thenon-rectangular portion is a circular portion.
 35. The system of claim32 wherein the non-rectangular portion is an elliptical portion.
 36. Thesystem of claim 30 wherein vector primitives have associated therewith arange of magnification levels for visibility, wherein the requestedportion and the target display width and height correspond to a level ofmagnification for display, and wherein said transmitter transmits vectorprimitives for which their associated range of magnification levels forvisibility include the level of magnification for display.
 37. Thesystem of claim 30 wherein the vector image also includes a displayorder, and wherein said graphics processor determines an induced displayorder for the vector primitives that are positioned so as to overlap therequested portion, and wherein said transmitter transmits the induceddisplay order.
 38. The system of claim 30 wherein said graphicsprocessor generates, for each tile region from among a plurality of tileregions of the vector image, a list of the vector primitives that arepositioned so as to overlap the tile region, and wherein said graphicsprocessor uses the lists to determine the vector primitives that arepositioned so as to overlap the requested portion.
 39. The system ofclaim 30 wherein vector primitives include points, and wherein saidgraphics processor determines whether a point is positioned inside ofthe requested portion.
 40. The system of claim 30 wherein vectorprimitives include line segments, and wherein said graphics processordetermines whether a line segment cuts through the requested portion.41. The system of claim 30 wherein vector primitives include curves, andwherein said graphics processor determines whether a curve cuts throughthe requested portion.
 42. The system of claim 41 wherein vectorprimitives include Bezier curves.
 43. The system of claim 41 whereinvector primitives include circular arcs.
 44. The system of claim 41wherein vector primitives include elliptical arcs.
 45. The system ofclaim 30 wherein vector primitives include areas, and wherein saidgraphics processor determines whether an area intersects the requestedportion.
 46. The system of claim 45 wherein vector primitives includepolygonal areas.
 47. The system of claim 45 wherein vector primitivesinclude circular areas.
 48. The system of claim 45 wherein vectorprimitives include elliptical areas.
 49. The system of claim 30 whereinvector primitives include alphanumeric fonts, and wherein said graphicsprocessor determines whether an alphanumeric font is positioned so as tooverlap the requested portion.
 50. A system for streaming vector imagesto wireless devices, comprising: a receiver for receiving a request froma wireless device for a portion of a vector image and a target displaywidth and height, the vector image comprising a plurality of vectorprimitives; a graphics processor coupled to said receiver for: (i)determining, for each vector primitive that is positioned so as tooverlap the requested rectangular portion, the clipped vector primitivewhen such vector primitive is clipped with the requested portion; (ii)further determining if the data required to specify the clipped vectorprimitives requires more bytes than a threshold byte size; and (iii) ifthe further determining is affirmative, then rasterizing the requestedportion of the vector image to generate a raster image portion; and atransmitter coupled to said graphics processor for transmitting theraster image portion or the clipped vector images, based on whether ornot said further determining is affirmative, respectively.
 51. Thesystem of claim 50 wherein the requested portion is a rectangularportion.
 52. The system of claim 50 wherein the requested portion is anon-rectangular portion.
 53. The system of claim 52 wherein thenon-rectangular portion is a polygonal portion.
 54. The system of claim52 wherein the non-rectangular portion is a circular portion.
 55. Thesystem of claim 52 wherein the non-rectangular portion is an ellipticalportion.
 56. The system of claim 50 wherein the threshold byte size isbased on a specified number of bits per pixel.
 57. The system of claim50 wherein the threshold byte size is based on the level ofmagnification corresponding to the requested portion and the displaywidth and height.
 58. The system of claim 50 wherein the threshold bytesize is based on the dimensions of the rectangular portion.
 59. Acomputer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing acomputer to perform the steps of: receiving a request from a wirelessdevice for a portion of a vector image and a target display width andheight, the vector image including a plurality of vector primitives;determining which of the vector primitives are positioned so as tooverlap the requested portion; clipping the overlapping vectorprimitives with the portion; and transmitting the clipped vectorprimitives that overlap the portion.
 60. A computer-readable storagemedium storing program code for causing a computer to perform the stepsof: receiving a request from a wireless device for a portion of a vectorimage and a target display width and height, the vector image comprisinga plurality of vector primitives; determining, for each vector primitivethat is positioned so as to overlap the requested portion, the clippedvector primitive when such vector primitive is clipped with therequested portion; further determining if the data required to specifythe clipped vector primitives requires more bytes than a threshold bytesize; and if said further determining is affirmative, then: rasterizingthe requested rectangular portion of the vector image to generate araster image portion; and transmitting the raster image portion; else:transmitting the clipped vector primitives.
 61. A method forpre-processing a vector image, comprising: receiving data for a vectorimage, the vector image data including a list of descriptions of globalvector objects that can be rasterized for display at arbitrary levels ofresolution; for each local region from among a plurality of localrectangular regions of the vector image, the local rectangular regionsbeing associated with levels of resolution, determining local vectorobjects that correspond to intersections of global vector objects withsuch local region; and for each local region from among the plurality oflocal rectangular regions, storing descriptions of its local vectorobjects within a computer memory.
 62. The method of claim 61 wherein theplurality of local rectangular regions correspond to tiles withinpartitions of an image, for multiple partitions ranging from arelatively fine to a relatively coarse partition, each partitioncorresponding to a level of resolution.
 63. The method of claim 62wherein global vector objects are specified in terms of attributes, theattributes including an optional designator for levels of resolution atwhich a global vector object should be visible within the vector image,and wherein the local vector objects for a local rectangular portioninclude only intersections of those global vector objects that are to bevisible at the level of resolution corresponding to the localrectangular region.
 64. The method of claim 61 wherein global vectorobjects and local vector objects are specified in terms of attributes,the attributes including inter alia a color, a style and at least onecontrol point.
 65. The method of claim 61 further comprising eliminatingduplicate local vector objects prior to said storing.
 66. The method ofclaim 61 further comprising specifying a local vector object of a localrectangular region as a single pixel, if the local vector object isconfined within a single pixel for the level of resolution correspondingto the local rectangular region.
 67. The method of claim 61 wherein thevector image is a document.
 68. The method of claim 61 wherein thevector image is a map.
 69. A method for pre-processing vector images,comprising: receiving data for a plurality of vector images, theplurality of vector images corresponding to an animation sequence, andthe data for each vector image including a list of descriptions ofglobal vector objects that can be rasterized for display at arbitrarylevels of resolution; for each local region from among a plurality oflocal rectangular regions of the first vector image, the localrectangular regions being associated with levels of resolution,determining local vector objects that correspond to intersections ofglobal vector objects of the first vector image with such local region;recording hash values of the local vector objects within an indexedlook-up table; storing the indexed look-up table within a computermemory; for at least one successive vector image after the first vectorimage, and for each local region from among the plurality of localrectangular regions, determining local vector objects that correspond tointersections of global vector objects of such successive vector imagewith such local region; determining which of the local vector objectsfor the successive vector image are already stored in the look-up table;for those local vector objects that are already stored in the look-uptable, storing their look-up table index within a computer memory; andfor those local vector objects that are not already stored in thelook-up table, storing descriptions of the local vector objects withinthe computer memory.
 70. The method of claim 69 further comprisingperiodically updating the indexed look-up table for vector imagesdesignated as key images.
 71. A system for pre-processing a vectorimage, comprising: a vector image processor that pre-processes vectorimage data, the vector image data including a list of descriptions ofglobal vector objects that can be rasterized for display at arbitrarylevels of resolution, comprising: a local vector object generator thatdetermines, for each local region from among a plurality of localrectangular regions of the vector image, the local rectangular regionbeing associated with levels of resolution, local vector objects thatcorrespond to intersections of global vector objects with such localregion; and a data recorder that stores descriptions of the local vectorobjects within a computer memory, for each local portion.
 72. The systemof claim 71 wherein the plurality of local rectangular regionscorrespond to tiles within a partition of an image, for multiplepartitions ranging from a relatively fine to a relatively coarsepartition, each partition corresponding to a level of resolution. 73.The system of claim 72 wherein global vector objects are specified interms of attributes, the attributes including an optional designator forlevels of resolution at which a global vector object should be visiblewithin the vector image, and wherein the local vector objects for alocal rectangular region include only intersections of those globalvector objects that are to be visible at the level of resolutioncorresponding to the local rectangular region.
 74. The system of claim71 wherein global vector objects and local vector objects are specifiedin terms of attributes, the attributes including inter alia a color, astyle and at least one control point.
 75. The system of claim 71 whereinsaid data recorder eliminates duplicate local vector objects prior tosaid storing.
 76. The system of claim 71 wherein said local vectorobject generator specifies a local vector object of a local rectangularregion as a single pixel, if the local vector object is confined withina single pixel for the level of resolution corresponding to the localrectangular region.
 77. The system of claim 71 wherein the vector imageis a document.
 78. The system of claim 71 wherein the vector image is amap.
 79. A system for pre-processing vector images, comprising: a vectorimage processor that pre-processes data for a plurality of vectorimages, the plurality of vector images corresponding to an animationsequence, and the data for each vector image including a list ofdescriptions of global vector objects that can be rasterized for displayat arbitrary levels of resolution; a local vector object generator that:(i) determines, for each local region from among a plurality of localrectangular regions of the first vector image, the local rectangularregions corresponding to levels of resolution, local vector objects thatcorrespond to intersections of global vector objects of the first vectorimage with such local region; and (ii) determines, for at least onesuccessive vector image after the first vector image, and for each localregion from among the plurality of local rectangular regions, localvector objects that correspond to intersections of global vector objectsof such successive vector image with such local region; a look-up tablegenerator that records hash values of the local vector objects within anindexed look-up table; and a data recorder that: (i) stores the indexedlook-up table within a computer memory; (ii) determines which of thelocal vector objects for the successive vector image are already storedin the look-up table; (iii) for those local vector objects that arealready stored in the look-up table, stores their look-up table indexwithin a computer memory; and (iv) for those local vector objects thatare not already stored in the look-up table, stores descriptions of thelocal vector objects within the computer memory.
 80. The system of claim79 further wherein said local vector object generator and said look-uptable generator periodically update the indexed look-up table for vectorimages designated as key images.
 81. A computer-readable storage mediumstoring program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of:receiving data for a vector image, the vector image data including alist of descriptions of global vector objects that can be rasterized fordisplay at arbitrary levels of resolution; for each local region fromamong a plurality of local rectangular regions of the vector image, thelocal rectangular regions being associated with levels of resolution,determining local vector objects that correspond to intersections ofglobal vector objects with such local region; and for each local regionfrom among the plurality of local rectangular regions, storingdescriptions of its local vector objects within a computer memory.
 82. Acomputer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing acomputer to perform the steps of: receiving data for a plurality ofvector images, the plurality of vector images corresponding to ananimation sequence, and the data for each vector image including a listof descriptions of global vector objects that can be rasterized fordisplay at arbitrary levels of resolution; for each local region fromamong a plurality of local rectangular regions of the first vectorimage, the local rectangular regions being associated with levels ofresolution, determining local vector objects that correspond tointersections of global vector objects of the first vector image withsuch local portion; recording hash values of the local vector objectswithin an indexed look-up table; storing the indexed look-up tablewithin a computer memory; for at least one successive vector image afterthe first vector image, and for each local region from among theplurality of local rectangular regions, determining local vector objectsthat correspond to intersections of global vector objects of suchsuccessive vector image with such local region; determining which of thelocal vector objects for the successive vector image are already storedin the look-up table; for those local vector objects that are alreadystored in the look-up table, storing their look-up table index within acomputer memory; and for those local vector objects that are not alreadystored in the look-up table, storing descriptions of the local vectorobjects within the computer memory.
 83. A method for streaming a vectorimage to a client computer, comprising: accessing a pre-processed vectorimage that was generated from a vector image, the pre-processed vectorimage including a plurality of local rectangular regions and a pluralityof local vector objects, each local vector object being associated withone of the local rectangular regions; receiving a request from a user ofa client computer for a desired portion of the vector image, for displayat a desired pixel display resolution; identifying at least one localrectangular region from among the plurality of local rectangular regionsof the pre-processed vector image, which is appropriate for generatingthe desired portion of the vector image at the desired displayresolution; and transmitting the local vector objects associated withthe at least one local rectangular region to the client computer. 84.The method of claim 83 wherein said transmitting bundles local vectorobjects in packets that can be sent within a single network request. 85.A method for streaming a vector image to a client computer, comprising:accessing a pre-processed vector image that was generated from a vectorimage, the pre-processed vector image including a plurality of localrectangular regions and a plurality of local vector objects, each localvector object being associated with one of the local rectangularregions; receiving a request from a user of a client computer for adesired portion of the vector image, for display at a desired pixeldisplay resolution; identifying at least one local rectangular regionfrom among the plurality of local rectangular regions of thepre-processed vector image, which is appropriate for generating thedesired portion of the vector image at the desired display resolution;generating the desired portion of the vector image at the desireddisplay resolution, from the local vector objects associated with the atleast one local rectangular region; and transmitting the desired portionof the vector image to the client computer.
 86. A method for streaming avector image to a client computer, comprising: accessing a pre-processedvector image that was generated from a vector image, the pre-processedvector image including a plurality of local rectangular regions and aplurality of local vector objects, each local vector object beingassociated with one of the local rectangular regions; receiving arequest from a user of a client computer designating at least onerectangular region, from among the plurality of local rectangularportions; and transmitting the local vector objects associated with theat least one local rectangular region to the client computer.
 87. Themethod of claim 86 wherein said transmitting bundles local vectorobjects in packets that can be sent within a single network request. 88.A method for interactively viewing a vector image, comprising:indicating a request for a desired portion of a vector image, fordisplay at a specified resolution; determining local rectangular regionsof a pre-processed vector image that was generated from the vectorimage, from among a plurality of local rectangular regions, that areappropriate for generating the desired portion of the vector imagetherefrom, wherein the pre-processed vector image includes a pluralityof local rectangular regions and a plurality of local vector objects,each local vector object being associated with one of the localrectangular regions; requesting at least one rectangular region of thepre-processed vector image from a server computer; receiving localvector objects associated with the requested at least one rectangularregion of the pre-processed vector image from the server computer; andgenerating the desired portion of the vector image using the receivedlocal vector objects.
 89. The method of claim 88 wherein said receivingcomprises: receiving local vector objects bundled in packets within asingle network request; and unpacking the packets to extract the localvector objects.
 90. The method of claim 88 further comprising storinglocal vector objects in a vector object cache, and wherein saidrequesting only requests local rectangular portions if their associatedlocal vector objects do not reside in the vector object cache.
 91. Asystem for streaming a vector image to a client computer, comprising: areceiver that receives a request from a user of a client computer for adesired portion of a vector image, for display at a desired pixeldisplay resolution; a vector image adapter that: (i) accesses apre-processed vector image that was generated from the vector image, thepre-processed vector image including a plurality of local rectangularregions and a plurality of local vector objects, each local vectorobject being associated with one of the local rectangular regions; and(ii) identifies at least one local rectangular region from among theplurality of local rectangular regions of the pre-processed vectorimage, which is appropriate for generating the desired portion of thevector image at the desired display resolution; and a transmitter thattransmits the local vector objects associated with the at least onelocal rectangular region to the client computer.
 92. The system of claim91 wherein said transmitter bundles local vector objects in packets thatcan be sent within a single network request.
 93. A system for streaminga vector image to a client computer, comprising: a receiver thatreceives a request from a user of a client computer for a desiredportion of a vector image, for display at a desired pixel displayresolution; a vector image adapter that: (i) accesses a pre-processedvector image that was generated from the vector image, the pre-processedvector image including a plurality of local rectangular regions and aplurality of local vector objects, each local vector object beingassociated with one of the local rectangular regions; and (ii)identifies at least one local rectangular region from among theplurality of local rectangular regions of the pre-processed vectorimage, which is appropriate for generating the desired portion of thevector image at the desired display resolution; a vector image processorthat generates the desired portion of the vector image at the desireddisplay resolution, from the local vector objects associated with the atleast one local rectangular region; and a transmitter that transmits thedesired portion of the vector image to the client computer.
 94. A systemfor streaming a vector image to a client computer, comprising: areceiver that receives a request from a user of a client computerdesignating at least one rectangular region, from among a plurality oflocal rectangular regions; a vector image adaptor that accesses apre-processed vector image that was generated from a vector image, thepre-processed vector image including a plurality of local rectangularregions and a plurality of local vector objects, each local vectorobject being associated with one of the local rectangular regions; and atransmitter that transmits the local vector objects associated with theat least one local rectangular region to the client computer.
 95. Thesystem of claim 94 wherein said transmitter bundles local vector objectsin packets that can be sent within a single network request.
 96. Asystem for interactively viewing a vector image, comprising: a userinterface that interprets a request for a desired portion of a vectorimage, for display at a specified resolution; a transmitter thatrequests at least one rectangular region of a pre-processed vector imagefrom a server computer, the pre-processed vector image having beengenerated from the vector image, the pre-processed image including aplurality of local rectangular regions and a plurality of local vectorobjects, each local vector object being associated with one of the localrectangular regions; a receiver that receives local vector objectsassociated with the requested at least one rectangular region of thepre-processed vector image from the server computer; and a vector imageprocessor that: (i) determines local rectangular regions of thepre-processed vector image, from among the plurality of localrectangular regions, that are appropriate for generating the desiredportion of the vector image therefrom; and (ii) generates the desiredportion of the vector image using the received local vector objects. 97.The system of claim 96 wherein said receiver receives local vectorobjects bundled in packets within a single network request, and unpacksthe packets to extract the local vector objects.
 98. The system of claim96 further comprising a vector object cache that stores local vectorobjects, and wherein said transmitter only requests local rectangularportions if their associated local vector objects do not reside in thevector object cache.
 99. A computer-readable storage medium storingprogram code for causing a computer to perform the steps of: accessing apre-processed vector image that was generated from a vector image, thepre-processed vector image including a plurality of local rectangularregions and a plurality of local vector objects, each local vectorobject being associated with one of the local rectangular regions;receiving a request from a user of a client computer for a desiredportion of the vector image, for display at a desired pixel displayresolution; identifying at least one local rectangular region from amongthe plurality of local rectangular regions of the pre-processed vectorimage, which is appropriate for generating the desired portion of thevector image at the desired display resolution; and transmitting thelocal vector objects associated with the at least one local rectangularregion to the client computer.
 100. A computer-readable storage mediumstoring program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of:accessing a pre-processed vector image that was generated from a vectorimage, the pre-processed vector image including a plurality of localrectangular regions and a plurality of local vector objects, each localvector object being associated with one of the local rectangularregions; receiving a request from a user of a client computer for adesired portion of the vector image, for display at a desired pixeldisplay resolution; identifying at least one local rectangular regionfrom among the plurality of local rectangular regions of thepre-processed vector image, which is appropriate for generating thedesired portion of the vector image at the desired display resolution;generating the desired portion of the vector image at the desireddisplay resolution, from the local vector objects associated with the atleast one local rectangular region; and transmitting the desired portionof the vector image to the client computer.
 101. A computer-readablestorage medium storing program code for causing a computer to performthe steps of: accessing a pre-processed vector image that was generatedfrom a vector image, the pre-processed vector image including aplurality of local rectangular regions and a plurality of local vectorobjects, each local vector object being associated with one of the localrectangular regions; receiving a request from a user of a clientcomputer designating at least one rectangular region, from among theplurality of local rectangular regions; and transmitting the localvector objects associated with the at least one local rectangular regionto the client computer.
 102. A computer-readable storage medium storingprogram code for causing a computer to perform the steps of: indicatinga request for a desired portion of a vector image, for display at aspecified resolution; determining local rectangular regions of apre-processed vector image that was generated from the vector image,from among a plurality of local rectangular regions, that areappropriate for generating the desired portion of the vector imagetherefrom, wherein the pre-processed vector image includes a pluralityof local rectangular regions and a plurality of local vector objects,each local vector object being associated with one of the localrectangular regions; requesting at least one rectangular region of thepre-processed vector image from a server computer; receiving localvector objects associated with the requested at least one rectangularregion of the pre-processed vector image from the server computer; andgenerating the desired portion of the vector image using the receivedlocal vector objects.
 103. A method for interactively viewing a vectoranimation sequence, comprising: receiving an indexed look-up table thatstores a plurality of local vector objects associated with tile regionsof a first vector image; indicating a request for a desired portion of asecond vector image, for display at a specified resolution; determiningtile regions of a pre-processed vector image that was generated from thesecond vector image, from among a plurality of tile regions, that areappropriate for generating the desired portion of the second vectorimage therefrom, wherein the pre-processed vector image includes aplurality of tile regions and a plurality of local vector objects, eachlocal vector object being associated with one of the tile regions;requesting at least one tile region of the pre-processed vector imagefrom a server computer; receiving local vector objects and local vectorobject indices associated with the requested at least one tile region ofthe pre-processed vector image from the server computer; extractinglocal vector objects from the indexed look-up table according to thelocal vector object indices received from the server computer; andgenerating the desired portion of the second vector image using thereceived local vector objects and the extracted local vector objects.104. A system for interactively viewing a vector animation sequence,comprising: a receiver that: (i) receives an indexed look-up table thatstores a plurality of local vector objects associated with tile regionsof a first vector image; and (ii) receives local vector objects andlocal vector object indices associated with at least one requested tileregion of a pre-processed vector image from a server computer, thepre-processed vector image being generated from a second vector image,and the pre-processed vector image including a plurality of tile regionsand a plurality of local vector objects, each local vector object beingassociated with one of the tile regions; a vector image adapter thatextracts local vector objects from the indexed look-up table accordingto local vector object indices received from the server computer; a userinterface that indicates a request for a desired portion of the secondvector image, for display at a specified resolution; a vector imageprocessor that: (i) determines tile regions of the pre-processed vectorimage that are appropriate for generating the desired portion of thesecond vector image therefrom; and (ii) generates the desired portion ofthe second vector image using the received local vector objects and theextracted local vector objects; and a transmitter that requests at leastone tile region of the pre-processed vector image from the servercomputer.
 105. A computer-readable storage medium storing program codefor causing a computer to perform the steps of: receiving an indexedlook-up table that stores a plurality of local vector objects associatedwith tile regions of a first vector image; indicating a request for adesired portion of a second vector image, for display at a specifiedresolution; determining tile regions of a pre-processed vector imagethat was generated from the second vector image, from among a pluralityof tile regions, that are appropriate for generating the desired portionof the second vector image therefrom, wherein the pre-processed vectorimage includes a plurality of tile regions and a plurality of localvector objects, each local vector object being associated with one ofthe tile regions; requesting at least one tile region of thepre-processed vector image from a server computer; receiving localvector objects and local vector object indices associated with therequested at least one tile region of the pre-processed vector imagefrom the server computer; extracting local vector objects from theindexed look-up table according to the local vector object indicesreceived from the server computer; and generating the desired portion ofthe second vector image using the received local vector objects and theextracted local vector objects.